Berhenti Melangkah

Kemarin Hari terbururkku
Tak sanggup ku melangkah, tuk temukan arah yang terbaik
Ketika ku didekatmu, hatiku bergetar jantungpun berdebar
Dan aku tersentak, ingin ku teriak
Langkahku terhenti , tak mampu tuk bergerak
Kuhanya sanggup terdiam, Menatapmu sendiri menunggu disini
Dan bila semua harus kuakhiri
Kuingin agar kau mengerti
Kulakukan semua untukmu
Apa yang kan terjadi bila kubermimpi
Kau hadir disini berharap tuk kembali padaku
Kisah kita yang telah lama kaupadamkan
Tak akan pernah menghilang walau kau pikir telah usai
Dan aku tersentak, ingin ku teriak
Langkahku terhenti , tak mampu tuk bergerak
Ku hanya sanggup terdiam, Menatapmu sendiri menunggu disini
Buang saja semua janji palsumu yang selalu saja kau ingkari

Party On

Darling you look so fine today
I’ve never seen you like this time before
(look now)
I know you pretty well
I’m trying to be good for you
I love the way you walk
I swear I can’t stand to have a talk
So let’s hang out tonight
Baby would you have a little dance with me, come on
Get the party on the dance floor
Lady move your body
Until we spend the time all night long
Let me guess
Which dress will you choose
Pick the best to match on the dance floor
I’ll pick you up at nine with my dad’s car
So here we go now
We’re the one who saves the party
So don’t be late tonight
I love the way you talk
I swear I can’t stand to ask you out
Don’t look like a freak
Don’t worry don’t be weak
I need you to know
We’ll make it through the night
Yeah I’m here
Ohh no, I’m not
I’m not going anywhere

With You

Tonight I think about you girl
And I wake and I wake up in the middle of the night
You appear in my dream
And it feels so real
When I’m holding on your arms, oh
I’ll never let you go
I’m trying to fix this feeling
Till the end of my day
And I know that you’ll never know
That I’m here on your side
That I’m here being your guide
How could you got me crazy
Girl, how could you let me into your heart, ohh
And just let it go
Go on and let it go
I wish I could be honest when I’m there with you
I wish I started my life with you
Please just make it true
I’ll never let anyone make you sad
Though you, you thought me bad
And let me regret of you
You thought me bad and let me regret of you…
With you
Together we can make it true
With you
We got to believe though we’ll never know
With you…
I’ll pick you up
And take you all the night
Try to be your guard
Who makes you feel alright
Try to be your guard
Who makes you feel alright..

Comparison Degree

Positive Degree
Merupakan perbandingan dua nilai yang sama , biasanya menggunakan dua pola, yaitu as ... as ... dan the same as ...  

Contoh :
- Solo is as beautiful as Surabaya
- Her love is as much as mine
- Sony and toshiba have the same price

Comparative Degree
Menyatakan perbandingan bahwa sesuatu lebih atau kurang dari yang lain. Beberapa cara untuk mengekspresikan perbandingan tersebut antara lain :

1. Menggunakan kata penghubung than
2. Menambahkan akhiran -er pada kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu atau dua suku kata (misal : short, tall, dsb)
3. Menambahkan kata depan more apabila kata sifat lebih dari tiga suku atau apabila yang dibandingkan adalah kata keterangan

Contoh :
- Rio is much taller than lely
- Notebook is more expensive than personal computer
- Marry finished the test more quickly than jack

Superlative Degree
Digunakan untu menyatakan hal yang paling ter- dari segala hal lainnya yang menjadi perbandingan

1. Menambahkan kata sandang the di depan kata sifat ataupun di depan kata keterangan
2. Menambahkan akhiran -est pada kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu atau dua suku kata (misal : short, tall, dsb)
3. Menambahkan kata depan most apabila kata sifat lebih dari tiga suku atau apabila yang dibandingkan adalah kata keterangan

Contoh :
- He is the smastest boys in my class
-  Ina is the most beautiful girls in my school
- Hani finished the test the most quickly



SUMBER :   http://student.eepis-its.edu/~gal/degr1.html

Passive Voice

Dalam bahasa Indonesia, ada bentuk kalimat aktif dan kalimat pasif. Kalimat aktif lebih berfokus pada subjek kalimat, sedangkan kalimat pasif lebih berfokus pada objek kalimat. Kalimat pasif mempunyai beberapa bentuk.
1. Kalimat pasif dengan afiks di-
2. Kalimat pasif dengan persona.
3. Kalimat pasif dengan afiks ter-
4. Kalimat pasif dengan afiks ke-an.
Pada edisi ini kita akan belajar bentuk kalimat pasif 1 dan 2.

1. Kalimat Pasif dengan Afiks di-
Dalam kalimat pasif, me(N)- berubah menjadi di-. Sufiks -kan atau -i tidak hilang. Hanya kalimat transitif yang bisa menjadi kalimat pasif. (In passive sentences me(N)- is replaced by di-. Suffix -kan or -i do not drop. Only transitive verbs may be used in passive sentences)
Contoh:
- membeli –> dibeli
- mengirimkan –> dikirimkan
- memasuki –> dimasuki
Subjek (agent) dalam kalimat aktif adalah nama orang, nama negara, lembaga atau kata ganti orang ketiga (dia, mereka). (The subject (agent) in active sentence are the third person or name of person, state, office, etc). “oleh dia” bisa digantikan dengan -nya di akhir kata kerja pasif. (“oleh dia” (by him/her) is allowed when replaced by -nya at the end of the verb).

• Kalimat Aktif :

          Subjek (actor) + me (N) – verb + Objek (patient)

• Kalimat Pasif

          Subjek (patient) + di – verb + Agent (actor)
Contoh:

• Aktif : Gilles akan menyewa sepeda motor ini.

• Pasif : Sepeda motor ini akan disewa (oleh) Gilles.

• Aktif : Saminah mengirimi anaknya uang

• Pasif : Anaknya dikirimi uang oleh Saminah.

• Aktif ; Dia harus membersihkan rumah itu

• Pasif : Rumah itu harus dibersihkannya. (oleh -nya)

2. Kalimat Pasif dengan Persona
- Subjek (agent) dalam kalimat aktif adalah bentuk persona : Anda, kamu, kalian, saya, aku, kami, kita, mereka, dan dia. (The subject (agent) in active sentence are the personal pronoun: you, I, we, they, he and she)

• Kalimat aktif

         Subjek (actor) + (Adverb) + me (N) – verb + Objek (patient)

• Kalimat Pasif

          Subjek (patient) + (Adverb) + [Actor+verb tanpa me(N)+(kan/i)]
Contoh:

• Aktif : Dia akan mendatangi tempat-tempat wisata di Jawa Barat.

• Pasif : Tempat-tempat wisata di Jawa Barat akan dia datangi.

• Aktif : Kita belum membicarakan masalah ini.

• Pasif : Masalah ini belum kita bicarakan.

• Aktif : Saya memasukkan buku itu ke dalam tas.

• Pasif : Buku itu saya masukkan ke dalam tas.

• Aktif : Saya sudah mengirimkan obat kepada Saminah.

• Pasif : Obat sudah saya kirimkan kepada Saminah.

SUMBER :  http://wismabahasa.wordpress.com/2008/04/09/kalimat-pasif-passive-voice/ 

Conditional Sentences

BENTUK UMUM : "MAIN CLAUSE + IF CLAUSE"

DI MANA : Main clause selalu mempunyai modal auxiliary

• If clause selalu berupa : simple present, simple past, atau past perfect

1. conditional sentences type 1 : true in the present or future

S + MODAL V1 + V1 . . IF + S + V1 ATAU TO BE V1

FACT :
Mengubah kata if dengan on condition that, provided, atau unless

Contoh  :

• Conditional : I may study in university if i graduate from senior high school

• Fact : i may study in university  on condition that i graduate from senior high school

2. conditional sentences type 2 : untrue in the present

S + MODAL V2 + V2 . . IF + S + V2 ATAU TO BE V2

FACT :
1. Ubah kata if menjadi because
2. Ubah tense menjadi simple present dan hilangkan modal
3. Ubah kalimat negatif menjadi positif dan sebaliknya

Contoh :

• Conditional : I might study in university if i graduated from senior high school

• Fact : I don't study in university because i don't graduate from senior high school

 3. conditional sentences type 3 : untrue in the past

S + MODAL V2 + HAVE + V3 . . IF + S + HAD + V3 ATAU HAD BEEN

FACT :
1. Ubah kata if menjadi because
2. Ubah tense menjadi simple present dan hilangkan modal
3. Ubah kalimat negatif menjadi positif dan sebaliknya

Contoh :

• Conditional : I might have studied in university if i had graduated from senior high school

• Fact : I didn't study in university because i didn't graduate from senior high school

SUMBER :  http://student.eepis-its.edu/~gal/condi1.html

Noun Clause

Noun Clause adalah Clause yang digunakan sebagai pengganti noun atau berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda). Selain Noun Clause ini, sebenarnya masih ada clause lainnya seperti Adverb Clause dan Adjective Clause. Untuk mendalami penjelasan mengenai Noun Clause, silahkan perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:

Menurut jenis kalimat asalnya, Noun Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 macam, yaitu:

1. Statement (pernyataan)
2. Question (pertanyaan)
3. Request (permintaan)
4. Exclamation (seruan).

Penjelasan:

1. Statement

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Subjek Kalimat

• Kangaroo lives in Australia (statement)
• That Kangaroo lives is Australia is well known to all (Noun Clause)

2) Subjek Kalimat setelah "It"

• It is well known to all that Kangaroo lives in Australia

3) Objek Pelengkap

• My conclusion is that Kangaroo lives in Australia

4) Objek Kata Kerja

• All people understand well that Kangaroo lives in Australia

5) Apositif

• My conclusion that Kangaroo lives is Australia is correct.

2.      Question

A. Yes/No Question

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "whether (or not/or if)"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Subjek Kalimat

• Can she drive the car? (Question)
• Whether she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
  = Whether or not she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
  = Whether she can drive the car or not doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
  = Whether or if she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)

2) Objek Pelengkap

• My question is whether she can drive the car.

3) Objek Kata Kerja

• I really wonder whether she can drive the car (or not).

4) Objek Kata Depan

• We discussed about whether she can drive the car.

B. Wh- Question

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya itu sendiri"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Subjek Kalimat

• What is he doing? (Question)
• What she is doing doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)

2) Objek Pelengkap

• My quest
• ion is what she is doing.

3) Objek Kata Kerja

• I really wonder what she is doing.

4) Objek Kata Depan

• We discussed about what she is doing.

Catatan:

Posisi kembali normal, tidak seperti posisi sebuah pertanyaan normal.

3. Request

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Objek Kata Kerja

• Read the book! (Request)
• He suggested that I read the book. (Noun Clause)

Catatan:

Tanda seru hilang.

4. Exclamation

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya yang dipakai pada kalimat itu sendiri"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Objek Kata Kerja

• What a pretty girl she is? (Exclamation)
• I never realize what a pretty girl she is. (Noun Clause)

2) Objek Kata Depan

• We are talking about what a pretty girl she is.

Catatan Tambahan:

• Noun Clause dengan "that" digunakan sebagai subjek dari suatu kalimat hanya dengan kata kerja tertentu. Dan kata kerja (verb) yang penting adalah linking verb, khususnya BE.
• Noun Clause dengan "that" sering menjadi objek dari verb (kata kerja), beberapa verb berikut ini biasanya mempunyai subjek yang me�nunjukkan manusia. Kata-kata tersebut terutama sekali adalah verb yang digunakan dalam Indirect Speech Berta verb yang menyatakan kegiatan mental.

Kata Kerja Kalimat Tak Langsung

Admit, agree, allege, announce, argue, assert, assure, declare, aver, boast, claim, complain, confess, convince, deny, disagree, explain, foretell, hint, inform, insist, maintain, notify, persuade, pray, predict, proclaim, promise, relate, remark, remind, report, say, state, swear, teach, tell, threaten, warn

Kata Kerja Aktivitas Mental

Ascertain, assume, believe, calculate, care (untuk kalimat negative atau interrogative), conceive, conclude, consider, convince, decide, discover, doubt, dream, expect, fancy, feel, find out, forget, grant, guess, hear, hold (pendapat), hope, imagine, indicate, know, judge, learn, mean, mind (untuk kalimat negative atau interrogative), notice, perceive, presume, pretend, prove, question, realize, recall, reckon, recollect, reflect, regret, rejoice, remember, reveal, see, show, suppose, surmise, think, trust, understand, wish

Contoh:

1. Alex thinks that Mary is ill.
2. Bob told me that he had finished breakfast.
3. Henry says that Jack is very busy.
4. He insists that there is a mistake.
5. He complained to his friend that his wife couldn't cook.

• Dalam percakapan yang tidak resmi (informal) "that" sering dihilangkan dari objek Clause jika artinya (maksudnya) sudah jelas dapat dimengerti tanpa adanya "that".

Contoh:

1. I am sorry (that) I couldn't meet you at the station.
2. He says (that) they plan to come to the dance.
3. We thought (that) you had already left for abroad.
4. The reason we returned so early is, (that) one of the children got sick.

• Noun Clause dari question (pertanyaan) yang terletak sesudah verb yang memerlukan 2 objek mungkin berfungsi sebagai salah satu atau kedua objek dari verb tersebut.

Contoh:   

1. Give the man (Indirect Object) what is in this envelope (Direct Object)
2. Give what is in the envelope  to the man.

• Noun Clause dari pertanyaan mungkin diawali dengan kata-kata tanya yang berfungsi sebagai: Pronouns, Adjectives, atau Adverbs. Kata-kata yang dipakai adalah: Pronoun     = who (ever), what (ever(, which. (ever), Adjective = whose, what (ever), which (ever), Adverb = how (ever), when (ever), where (ever), why.

Contoh:

1. We don't know who will be coming from the employment agency. (who adalah subjek dari will be coming)
2. We don't know whom the employment agency will send. (whom adalah objek dari will send)
3. We will ask whoever comes from the employment agency. (whoever adalah subjek dari comes)
4. We will ask whomever the employment agency sends. (whomever adalah objek dari sends)

• Dalam Noun Clause dari pertanyaan, subjek dan verb mempunyai susunan yang umum, yakni terletak sesudah introductory word.
• Noun Clause dari permintaan dimulai dengan that- Clause ini paling sering merupakan objek dari verb yang menyatakan permintaan, saran, atau keinginan dan sebagainya.

Contoh:

1. He is requesting that a company car be placed at his disposal.
2. The doctor recommended that he take a vacation.
3. It was suggested that she leave immediately.
4. It was proposed that the meeting be adjourned.

• Kadang-kadang "that" yang merupakan kata permulaan Clause dapat digantikan dengan susunan infinitive setelah kata-kata kerja yang menunjukkan permintaan seperti advise, ask, beg, command, desire, forbid, order, request, require, argue.
• Subjek dari that-Clause sering dalam bentuk passive dari verbs of requesting dengan susunan anticipatory it.

SUMBER : http://ismailmidi.com/berita-170-noun-clause.html 

Gerunds

Gerunds adalah kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja ditambah –ing, misalnya swimming, eating, fishing, shopping, dancing, dan singing. Bila diperhatikan, gerund mempunyai bentuk yang sama dengan present participle, bedanya gerund berfungsi sebagai kata benda, sedangkan present participle sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda.

Dalam kalimat, gerund berfungsi sebagai:
a. subjek (subject)
b. pelengkap subjek (subjective complement)
c. objek langsung (direct object)
d. objek preposisi (object of preposition)
e. aposisi (appositive)


Subject
Gerund sebagai subjek pokok kalimat, contoh:
- Swimming is good service.
- Your singing is very beautiful.
- Studying needs time and patience.
- Playing tennis is fun.
- Reading English is easier than speaking it.

Subjective Complement
Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului to be yang terletak di antara subject dan subjective complement, contoh:
- My favorite sport is running.
- My favorite activity is reading.

Direct Object
Gerund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh:
- I enjoy dancing.
- She likes dancing.
- Thank you for your coming.
- I hate arguing.

Object of Preposition
Gerund sebagai objek preposisi yang terletak setelah preposisi. Preposisi yang sering dipakai adalah of, on, no, with, without, at for, after, before, because of, to, like, about, for, by, in.
Contoh:
- He is tired of gambling.
- I am fond of eating bakso.
- He insisted on seeing her.
- I have no objection to hearing your story.
- You will not be clever without studying.
- They are good at telling funny stories.
- In sleeping I met you in the park.

Appositive
Gerund sebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat, contoh:
- My hobby, fishing, is interesting.
- I do not like quarrelling, a useless job.
My hobby is fishing dan fishing is interesting diletakkan bersebelahan dalam sebuah kalimat sebagai appositive (fishing adalah aposisi dari my hobby), begitu juga contoh kalimat dibawahnya.




SUMBER :  http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/04/gerunds.html 

Tenses

Pengertian Tenses
Kata Tenses berasal dari kata TEMPUS (bahasa latin) yang berarti waktu/time, dan diperoleh melalui Bahasa Prancis yaitu Temps.
Tenses adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja dalam tata bahasa yang menunjukan waktu terjadinya suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa dan tahap penyelesaiannya.

Ada 16 bentuk tenses. Berikut ini contoh-contoh tenses serta rumusnya:

KELOMPOK PRESENT (WAKTU SEKARANG)
1. Simple Present Tense (waktu sekarang)
    She writes some letters now (active)
    Dia menulis beberapa surat sekarang
    [S + Verb1 + O/C]

    Some letters are written by her now (passive)
    Beberapa surat ditulis oleh dia sekarang
    [S + To Be(am,are,is) + Verb3 + O]

2. Present Continuous Tense (sedang berlangsung)
    She is writing some letters now (active)
    Dia sedang menulis beberapa surat sekarang
    [S + To Be(am,are,is) + (Verb1+ing) + O/C]

    Some letters are being written by her now (passive)
    Beberapa surat sedang ditulis oleh dia sekarang
    [S + To Be(am,are,is) + being + Verb3 + O]

3. Present Perfect Tense (telah dikerjakan)
    She has written some letters (active)
    Dia telah menulis beberapa surat
    [S + have,has + Verb3 + O/C]

    Some letters have been written by her (passive)
    Beberapa surat telah ditulis oleh dia
    [S + have,has + been + Verb3+ O]

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (telah sedang dikerjakan)
    She has been writing some letters for two hours (active)
    Dia telah sedang menulis beberapa surat selama 2 jam
    [S + have,has + been + (Verb1+ing) + O/C]

    Some letters have been being written by her for two hours (passive)
    Beberapa surat telah sedang ditulis oleh dia selama 2 jam
    [S + have,has + been + being + Verb3 + O]

KELOMPOK FUTURE (YANG AKAN DATANG)
1. Simple Future Tense
    She will write some letters tomorrow (active)
    Dia akan menulis beberapa surat besok
    [S + shall/will + Verb1 + O/C]

    Some letters will be written by her tomorrow (passive)
    Beberapa surat akan ditulis oleh dia besok
    [S + shall/will + be + Verb3 + O]

2. Future Continuous Tense
    She will be writing some letters tomorrow (active)
    Dia akan sedang menulis beberapa surat besok
    [S + shall/will + be + (Verb1+ing) + O/C]

    Some letters will be being written by her tomorrow (passive)
    Beberapa surat akan sedang ditulis oleh dia besok
    [S + shall/will + be + being + Verb3 + O]   

3. Future Perfect Tense
    She will have written some letters (active)
    Dia akan telah menulis beberapa surat
    [S + shall/will + have + Verb3 + O/C]

    Some letters will have been written by her (passive)
    Beberapa surat akan telah ditulis oleh dia
    [S + shall/will + have + been + Verb3 + O]

4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
    She will have been writing some letters (active)
    Dia akan telah sedang menulis beberapa surat
    [s + shall/will + have + been + (Verb1+ing) + O/C]

    Some letters will have been being written by her (passive)
    Beberapa surat akan telah sedang ditulis oleh dia
    [S + shall/will + have + been + being + Verb3 + O]


KELOMPOK PAST  FUTURE (YANG AKAN DATANG DI MASA LAMPAU)
1. Past Future Tense
    She would write some letters when you came (active)
    Dia akan menulis beberapa surat ketika kamu datang
    [S + should,would + Verb1 + O/C]

    Some letters would be written by her when you came (passive)
    Beberapa surat akan ditulis oleh dia ketika kamu datang
    [S + should,would + be + Verb3 + O]

2. Past Future Continuous Tense
    She would be writing some letters on Monday last week (active)
    Dia akan sedang menulis beberapa surat pada hari Senin minggu lalu
    [S + should,would + be +(Verb1+ing) + O/C]

    Some letters would be being written by her on Monday last week (passive)
    Beberapa surat akan sedang ditulis oleh dia pada hari Senin minggu lalu
    [S + shoul,would + be + being + Verb3 + O]

3. Past Future Perfect Tense
    She would have written some letters if  you hadn’t come here (active)
    Dia akan telah menulis beberapa surat  jika kamu belum datang kesini
    [S + should,would + have + Verb3 + O/C]

    Some letters would have been written by her if  you hadn’t come here (passive)
    Beberapa surat akan telah sedang ditulis oleh dia jika kamu belum datang kesini
    [S + should,would + have + been + Verb3 + O]

4. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
    She would have been writing some letters by March this year (active)
    Dia akan telah sedang menulis beberapa surat menjelang Maret tahun ini
    [S + should,would + have + been + (Verb1+ing) + O/C]

    Some letters would have been being written by her by March this year (passive)
    Beberapa surat akan telah sedang ditulis oleh dia menjelang Maret tahun ini
    [S + should,would + have + been + being + Verb3 + O]


SUMBER : http://riyn.multiply.com/journal/item/74 

Relative Clause

A relative clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun phrase, most commonly a noun. For example, the phrase "the man who wasn't there" contains the noun man, which is modified by the relative clause who wasn't there. A relative clause can also modify a pronoun, as in "he to whom I have written", or a noun phrase which already contains a modifier, as in "the black panther in the tree, which is about to pounce". The complete phrase (modified noun phrase plus modifying relative clause) is also a noun phrase.In many European languages, relative clauses are introduced by a special class of pronouns called relative pronouns; in the previous example, who is a relative pronoun. In other languages, relative clauses may be marked in different ways: they may be introduced by a special class of conjunctions called relativizers; the main verb of the relative clause may appear in a special morphological variant; or a relative clause may be indicated by word order alone. In some languages, more than one of these mechanisms may be possible.

Accessibility hierarchy

The antecedent of the relative clause (that is, the noun that is modified by it) can in theory be the subject of the main clause, or its object, or any other verb argument. In many languages, however, especially rigidly left-branching, dependent-marking languages with prenominal relative clauses, there are major restrictions on the role the antecedent may have in the relative clause.According to the classic study of Bernard Comrie, noun phrases can be ranked in the following order from most accessible to least accessible:

1. Nominative or absolutive
2. Accusative or ergative
3. Indirect object (e.g., "the man to whom I have written")
4. Oblique (adpositional) object (e.g., "the machine into which I put the coin")
5. Genitive (e.g., "the woman whose daughter is ill")
6. Comparative object (e.g., "the boy than whom I am smaller")

If a language can relativise positions lower in the accessibility hierarchy, it can always relativise positions higher up, but not vice versa. For example, Malagasy can relativise only subject and Chukchi only absolutive arguments, whilst Basque can relativise absolutives, ergatives and indirect objects, but not obliques or genitives or objects of comparatives.Languages which cannot relativise directly on noun phrases low in the accessibility hierarchy can sometimes use alternative voices to "raise" the relevant noun phrase so that it can be relativised. The most common example is the use of applicative voices to relativise obliques, but in such languages as Chukchi antipassives are used to raise ergative arguments to absolutive.

Major types of relative clause
Across the world's languages, linguists have identified four major types of relative clause. These are typically listed in order of the degree to which the role of the antecedent in the relative clause is represented as follows:

1. Gap strategy or gapped relative clause
2. Relative pronoun
3. Pronoun retention
4. Nonreduction

Examples
As regards relative clauses, English has two particularities that are unique among the Germanic languages:

1. In other Germanic languages, if a relative pronoun is the object of a preposition in the relative clause, then the preposition always appears at the start of the clause, before the relative pronoun. In English, the preposition will often appear where it would appear if the clause were an independent clause — in other words, the relative pronoun "strands" it when it moves to the start of the clause. It used to be common to regard this as a grammatical error (see: linguistic prescription) but in fact it has been a standard feature of the language since the times of Middle English.
2. In other Germanic languages, a relative pronoun is always necessary. In English, however, it may be suppressed in a restrictive clause (as in "The man we met was very friendly"), provided it would not serve as the subject of the main verb. When this is done, if in the unsuppressed counterpart the relative pronoun is the object of a preposition in the relative clause, then said preposition is always "stranded" in the manner described above; it is never moved to the start of the clause.

SUMBER : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clause